Vacuoles Of The Cell : Structure, Function & Classifiction

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Vacuoles are present in all cells. This is a bubble shaped structure surrounded by a unit membrane. The vacuoles of the animal cells are smaller than the vacuoles of plants cells. In plant cells it is present in the center region of the cell while in other cells it is situated in a peripheral region. Vacuoles are surrounded by the cytoplasm. As the size of the cell increases, the size of the vacuoles also increases. Due to the presence of vacuole, all the cell organelles forced to move towards the peripheral region.

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Origin

  • Firstly micro vacuoles are originates from the Golgibody and Endoplasmic reticulam.
  • These micro vacuoles present in the meristematic region combined together to form a large vacuole in a mature plant cells.

Structure Of The Vacuoles

  • Vacuoles are the structures made of a thin unit membrane which is called Tonoplast , in which cell sap is found.
  • Vacuoles are surrounded by the cytoplasm of the cell.
  • Tonoplast are also composed of lipoprotein, makes a selective permeable to the substances.
  • Tonoplast acts as a barrier to the ions. thus the concentration of the ions in cell sap are greater than the concentration of the ions in cytoplasm.
  • Tonoplast regulates the osmotic gradient and structure of the cell.
  • Cell sap is the mixed solution of various compounds such as minerals, oxygen, sugars, carbon dioxide, organic acid and pigments etc.
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Vacuoles (A) Young  (B) Developed (C) Mature

Types Of Vacuoles

On the basis of substances occurred in the vacuoles , these are classified into four category –

  1. Sap Vacuole
  2. Food Vacuole
  3. Contractile Vacuole
  4. Air Vacuole

1. Sap Vacuole

  • These are the simple vacuoles present in mostly cells.
  • Various substances are present in it in soluble state.

2. Food Vacuole

  • Food Vacuoles are found in Protozoa, Sponges and Coelenterates.
  • Lysosome digests these food vacuoles.
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3. Contractile Vacuole

  • These types of vacuoles are found in those protozoan’s which found in fresh water.
  • These vacuoles absorb water from the external environment through the process of osmosis.
  •  It flows the excess of water from cell.
  • Sometimes it acts as excretion, when waste materials gets deposited.

4. Air Vacuole

  • This is also known as Pseudo Vacuole.
  • These are normally found in prokaryotic cells.
  • There is a membrane present around the air vacuole made of protein.
  • It’s main function is to store the metabolic gases, which helps the cell to provide mechanical support and buoyancy.

Function of Vacuoles

  • It helps to absorb the water which is utilized in the growth of cell.
  • It stores the various substances in soluble form.
  • It provides the mechanical support to the leaf and stem of the plant to stand upright by turgidity.
  • It acts as excretion by removing the waste materials from the cell.
  • It also stored the food materials in it.
  • Due to the presence of alkaloids and tannin, it provides the security to the animals. 
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