Street Studies

Vacuoles are present in all cells. This is a bubble shaped structure surrounded by a unit membrane. The vacuoles of the animal cells are smaller than the vacuoles of plants cells. In plant cells it is present in the center region of the cell while in other cells it is situated in a peripheral region. Vacuoles are surrounded by the cytoplasm. As the size of the cell increases, the size of the vacuoles also increases. Due to the presence of vacuole, all the cell organelles forced to move towards the peripheral region. read also :   Increasing Earth’s Thermosphere Temperature : Cause and Impact  Origin Firstly micro vacuoles are originates from the Golgibody and Endoplasmic reticulam. These micro vacuoles present in the meristematic region combined together to form a large vacuole in a mature plant cells. Structure Of The Vacuoles Vacuoles are the structures made of a thin unit membrane which is called  Tonoplast  , in which cell sap is found. Vacuoles are surround...

The substance found between the nucleus and the plasma membrane in the cell, in which the entire cell organelles are suspended, is called cytoplasm. It is also called as  Cytosol or Cytoplasmic matrix . Strassburger  has differentiated the protoplasm into cytoplasm and nucleoplasm. The homogeneous, translucent and colloidal fluid of cytoplasm is also called as  Hyaloplasm. The structures   which are   suspended in the Hyaloplasm, are known as  Cell Inclusions. The hyaloplasm acts as a base for these cell inclusions, thus also known as Cytosol or Cytoplasmic matrix. The peripheral layer of the cytoplasm, which is agranular, transparent, rigid and viscous, is called as  Plasma Gel  Or  Ectoplasm. The inner layer of the cytoplasm, which is granular, less viscous, is called as  Plasma Sol  Or  Endoplasm. read also :  Hydrosphere : An Introduction With Important Terms Ocean Current - Part 1, Ocean Current Stream & its Origi...

Colloidal Nature of Protoplasm Protoplasm shows the colloidal nature. It is a complex, semi liquid, semitransparent, Gel like and granular substances. It consists about 75 – 90 % water in it. Colloidal solution is the mid phase of true solution and suspension. read also :  Longest River of India and Its Tributary - Ganga and Yamuna Longest River of South India - Godavari   For Example :  If we dissolve the sugar in water, it completely dissolved and makes a true solution. This true solution is transparent and the size of its particles is 0.001  µ  .We can’t see its particles even through the microscope. In a true solution both solute and solvent are present in a molecule form which shows only one phase of the solution. Thus it is called as homogeneous solution If we dissolve little soil in the water, then it distributed into small particles. We can observe its particles through naked eyes. No microscope is required. This is called the suspension of soil in water...

In the cell, protoplasm moves in a various direction and various types, this is known as movements of protoplasm. The movements of protoplasm are following types – read also :   The Model Election Code of Conduct Cyclosis Rotation Circulation Ciliary Movement Amoeboid Movement    1.    Cyclosis    the movement of protoplasm in the cell is called as Cyclosis. Cyclosis is two types -                a.   Rotation                b.   Circulation a. Rotation  When the protoplasm in a cell moves around a single vacuole in one direction, it is called rotation. Example – in  Hydrilla or Vallisnaria leaf cells. read also :   Indus Valley Civilization or Harappan Civilization Rotation in  Hydrila  cell b. Circulation  When a cell has more than one vacuole and the protoplasm moves around the vacuoles in different directions, ...

Protoplasm of the nucleus contains various substances. these substances are essential for biological, metabolic, genetic etc. function.  It has been found that Protoplasm consists 34 elements, out of which 12 elements are supposed to be present universally. 99 % of the protoplasm is made of 4 basic elements , that is  oxygen, carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen . Hence  these basic elements are called as  major constituents of protoplasm. Remaining 1 % of the protoplasm is made of    8 other elements, that is  sulphur, phosphorus, potassium, iron, magnesium, calcium, sodium and chloride.    Hence these elements are called as  trace elements. Few other elements such as  boron, fluorine, manganese, silicon, molybdenum and zinc  are also present in a very minute form. read also :  UNESCO And World Heritage Sites Intangible Cultural Heritage Protoplasm Trace elements are not present in a free state. They are found as various compoun...

Discovery of Protoplasm - Brief Description Corti   ( 1772 ) told about the presence of a fluid substances in the cell. Dujardin ( 1835 ) studied these contents in certain Protozoa and described the matrix of cells as a homogeneous mass, which is called as  Sarcode  . The matrix of cell was given the name  Protoplasm  by J.E.Purkinje ( 1837 ). Hugo Von Mohl ( 1846 ) stated the protoplasm as a clear , homogeneous , gelatinous substances. He also emphasized the importance of protoplasm in cell division. Schultz ( 1861 ) established the similarity between the protoplasm of plants and animal. On the basis of this similarity he formulates the  Protoplasm Theory    . Protoplasm Theory :  According to protoplasm theory, “The bodies of all living beings are composed of units made up of protoplasm. Cell consists of an essentially living ground substances having nucleus with limiting cell membrane.” Huxley ( 1868 ) told that  Protoplasm is the phy...

To fulfill lots of activity, Plasma Membrane changes itself by means of various ways into a special structure. This is known as Modifications of Plasma Membrane. The plasma membrane shows different kinds of modifications in different types of cells.  Foldings , intercellular junctions and extracellular coats are common modifications of plasma membrane. also read :  Botanical Name and Family of the Plant with Local Name 1.  Foldings The plasma membrane bends inwards and outwards many times to form foldings, which are found in many forms. Folding involves two types of structure formation – a.  Infolds  or  Invaginations Infolds are made, when plasma membrane bends inwards direction. By the infolds activity pores , endocytic vesicles and mesosomes like structures are formed. Endocytic vesicles takes the solid & liquid food substances from external atmosphere and release them in the cell. Mesosomes are founds in bacteria, and it increases the functional are...