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Evolution of the Indian Constitution : Historical Background (Part - 1)

Evolution of The Indian Constitution : Historical Background (Part - 1)

Plassey war in 1757 (East India Company and Nawab Siraj-ud-daulah of Bengal) and Buxar war in 1764 (united army of East India Company and Nawab Mir Kasim of Bengal, Nawab Suja-ud-daulah of Awadh and Mughal ruler Shah Alam II) to win Later, the East India Company tightened its grip and passed several Acts from time to time to maintain this rule, which later became the steps for the development of the Indian Constitution.

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We will understand the material related to the development of the Indian Constitution in the following four parts, whose links are as follows –

We can divide the development of the Indian Constitution mainly into two categories –

A. Acts Passed Under The British East India Company (1773 – 1853 )

Various Acts were passed by the British East India Company from 1773 to 1853. After the military mutiny in 1857 (which is also known as India's First War of Independence or Sepoy Mutiny), the command of governance passed from the hands of the Company to the British Crown.

Various Acts passed under the East India Company are as follows –

  1. Regulating Act 1773
  2. Act of Settlement 1781
  3. Act of 1786
  4. Pitt's India Act 1784
  5. Charter Act, 1793
  6. Charter Act, 1813
  7. Charter Act, 1833
  8. Charter Act, 1853

1. Regulating Act 1773 

This was the first step taken by the British government to control and regulate the company's work, that is, parliamentary control over the company was established.

For the first time the works of the company got administrative and political recognition.

The foundation of central administration was laid.

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Provisions and features of Regulating Act

  • The Governor of Bengal was made the Governor General of Bengal and the Governors of Madras and Bombay were subordinated to it. Thus became the first Governor General – Lord Warren Hastings.
  • Calcutta Presidency had a Governor General and four members of his Council (Francis, Clavering, Manson and Barwell).
  • The Governor-General in Council was given the authority of military and civil administration of the Fort William Presidency of Bengal.
  • In 1774 AD, a Supreme Court was established in Calcutta, in which there was a Chief Justice (Sir Elijah Impey) and three other judges (Chambers, Limster and Hyde).
  • The strong control of the British Government over the company was established through the Board of Directors. Under this, it became necessary to give information about revenue, civil and military matters to the British Government.
  • Company's employees were prohibited from doing private business, taking gifts and taking bribes from Indians.

2. Act of Settlement, 1781

It was proposed to remove the shortcomings of the Regulating Act. According to this, the Presidency of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa was brought under Calcutta Presidency.

3. Act of 1786

The Governor General was given the right to cancel or implement his decision in special circumstances.
The powers of the Commander-in-Chief were also given to the Governor General.
Both the above rights were first received by Lord Cornwallis.

4. Pitt's India Act, 1784

  • Through this act, the separation of political and commercial works was done, that is, dual administration started. Two separate boards were established for this.
    • Board of Directors (Board of Directors) – for business matters.
    • Control Board (Board of Control) – for political matters.
  • The Board of Control had the power to superintend and control all civil, military government and revenue activities in the areas of British controlled India.

Importance

For the first time the area under the company in India was called the area of British occupation.
The British Government was given complete control over the Company's affairs and its administration in India.

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