Gregor John Mendel
Gregor John Mendel was born on 22 July 1822 in Heinzendorf, Austria. After receiving a bachelor’s degree from the Gymnasium in 1840, he joined the Augustinian Church in the city of Brunn, then Austria (now Jacobuslovakia), with the title of Gregor. After which he became known as Gregor. While working as a clergy, he was sent to the University of Vienna to study natural science, where he studied mathematics, physics, and natural science in 1851. After this he taught natural and physical science for 14 years in a high school in the city of Brunn. And at the same time studied various characteristics of plants and did their historical hybridization, which was called hybridization experiment of Mendel. Hybridization Experiment of Gregor John Mendel is as follows –
Mendel’s Historical Hybridization – Mendel’s Hybridization Experiment
Gregor John Mendel did his hybridization experiment in 1857 on the garden pea (Piscum sativum) plant and published the findings of his experiments in 1866 as Mendel’s Law of Inheritance. After 16 years of his death in 1884 AD, in 1900 AD Hugo de Breeze of Holland, Karl Korens of Germany, and Eo Vo Smack of Austria repeated Mendel’s experiment separately and found his rules to be true. That is why these three scientists were called ‘rediscoverers of Mendelism’ and Mendel was called ‘Father of Genetics’.
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Mendel’s Hybridization Experiment
- The process of artificial cross-pollination adopted between two genetically different animals to get the offspring of desired traits is called hybridization. In this process, the anthers of the flowers of the female parent plant are removed before their maturation. After this, the process of artificial pollination is done by taking pollen grains from the male parent plant and spraying it on the stigma of the female parent.
- The process of removing the anthers is called emasculation.
- The plants used in the process of hybridization are called parental plants.
- The progeny obtained by the process of hybridization is called hybrid.
- Mendel considered only one feature at a time for his experiment.
- Mendel did not limit his experiment to the first generation (F 1) but used it till the second generation (F2) and third generation (F3).
- Mendel prepared a numerical account of the different sub-castes obtained in different generations by his experiment.
The following are the seven characteristics selected by Mendel:
- Seed size — round (R) or wrinkled (r)
- Pod color — green (G) or yellow (g)
- Flower color or cotyledon color — gray or white
- Seed paper color — yellow (Y) or green (y)
- Pod size — inflated or compressed
- Flower position — axial or apical
- Stem length — tall (L) or dwarf (l)
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Hybridization Experiment
In the hybridization experiment, only artificial pollination was done, but it is of three types on the basis of the number of opposing traits used in the experiment.
- Monohybrid Cross
- Dihybrid Cross
- Polyhybrid Cross
1. Monohybrid Cross
The hybridization done between two different plants keeping in mind the opposite characteristics of a pair, is called a Monohybrid Cross. For example, a plant with a round seed crosses a plant with a wrinkled seed, or a plant with a long stem crosses a plant with a dwarf stem.
2. Dihybrid Cross
The hybridization done between two different plants keeping in mind the opposite characteristics of the pair is called Dihybrid Cross. For example, a plant having round and green seeds crosses with a plant with wrinkled and yellow seeds.
3. Polyhybrid Cross
The hybridization done between two different plants keeping in mind the plant having more than two opposing traits is called Polyhybrid Cross. Based on the number of symptoms, they are called trihybrid, tetrahybrid, pentahybrid hybridization etc. respectively.
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