Fault – Endogenous Force

Fault – Endogenous Force

The relief of our earth is full of variations and contrasts. Due to fault-endogenous force on the upper surface of the earth, some fault valley, ramp valley have been formed. Somewhere there are deep trenches, and somewhere there is sea. In some places there are snow-filled glaciers and mountain ranges, where there is no trace of vegetation, then there are also marshy places, which are full of oddities and mysteries. Have we ever thought, what is the reason for all these differences? The answer is – 

Internal Structure Of The Earth 

Mainly two types of forces work on the earth, which are as follows –

1. Endogenous forces – By these, disparities are created on the earth. Like – Earthquake, Tsunami, Long term force etc.
2. Exogenous Forces – These are the plane stabilizing forces of the earth. Like – flowing water, sea water, glacier, wind etc.

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1. Endogenous Force

As we said above, inequalities are created on the earth by endogenic forces. Endogenous i.e. the creation of disparities on the earth by the force generated from inside the earth. Earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanoes etc. come under this. 

Endogenous force can be divided into two parts, which are as follows –

1. Sudden force : Example – earthquakes, tsunamis , volcanoes .
2. Long-term force or Plate deformation force
   1. Vertical Movement - Continent Builder 
      1. Upward  – In this the land rises upwards. Like – 24 km 0 land near the Gulf of Kutch has risen several km 0, which is also called Allah's Dam.
      2. Downward – In this, the land is sunk towards the bottom. For example – Submerged forests of Prince Dak area of Mumbai.
   2. Horizontal Movement – Mountain Builder 
      1. Compression Force –  In this, the layers of rocks are folded, that is, folds occur in the layers of rocks.
         1. Anticline – The part raised in the process of folding is called an anticline.
         2. Syncline – In the process of folding, the sunken part of the trough is called Abhinati or syncline.
      2. Tension Force – In this, there is a change in the land between two cracks, that is, due to the tension force, fault action takes place.

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Fault

Due to the endogenic force of the earth, mainly the horizontal movement force, cracks are produced in the rocks of the earth's crust, which are called fractures. Such fractures in which the rocks are broken and moved along a plane are called faults. Escarpments are formed due to faults. Hanging valleys and waterfalls are formed in such areas. Like – Western Ghats ledge, Vindhyan ledge. 

It is of two types.

1. Common Fault
2. Reverse Fault or Thrust Fault

1. Common Fault

It is formed due to tension force. In this, the plots on both sides of the crack move in opposite directions to each other and one block falls down. The crust is spread by a normal fault.

2. Reverse Fault or Thrust Fault

A reverse fault is formed due to compressional force. Due to the pressure, the plots on both the sides slide towards each other and get mounted on each other. Due to this the spread of the surface decreases as compared to earlier.

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a. Step Fault

When there are many faults parallel to each other in an area and the slope of all fault planes are in the same direction, it is called a step fault. Like – Rhine Valley of Europe.

b. Transcurrent Fault

When there is pressure in two opposite directions, the plates on both sides are sliding back and forth instead of sinking or rising up on the support of the fault plane. Such a fault is called a transcurrent fault. Examples of such faults are also found in the San Andreas fault of California, Garhwal and Uttarkashi region of the Himalayas.

Topography Caused By Faults

Many topographies are formed as a result of faulting. E.g. Rift ledge, Rift Valley, Ramp Valley, Block Mountain, Horst Mountain

1. Rift Valley

When two landmasses move in opposite directions due to the force of tension, the rocky column between these two fault lines sinks downwards. Thus Rift Valley is formed. In German language they are called Graben. These rift valleys are long, narrow and deep. Like – Dead Valley of Jordan, Dead Valley of California, Narmada, Tapti, Damodar Valley of India.

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2. Ramp Valley

When both the pillars on the sides of any two fault lines get uplifted due to the compressive force and the pillar in the middle remains fixed in its place. So this type of fault is called Ramp Valley.

Like – Brahmaputra Valley of Assam

3. Block Mountain

When the column between two faults remains stable and the column along the edge sinks down. So Block Mountain is formed. Like – Satpura Mountains, Black Forest and Vassage Forest of Germany, Salt Range of Pakistan and Sierra Nevada (world's widest block mountain)

4. Horst Mountain

When the pillars on the sides of two faults remain stable, and the pillar in the middle rises up, then Horst Mountain is formed. Like – Harz Mountains of Germany.

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